Analyzing the impact of individual nutrients on the state of the child`s health, we should take into account the quantity and quality of individual nutrients and changing with the development body request for nutrients (as a result of aging and metabolic adaptation). In this paper author presents the characteristic of the protein used in infant nutrition, the protein requirements and its significance in this age group. Metabolic programming was described in relation to high protein in take in infancy with increased risk of obesity in later age.

Sensorimotor integration is neurophysiological phenomenon that allows normal functioning of a child in all developmental areas. According to J.Ayres vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile systems are fundamental sensory systems and they comprise basis for development of visual and hearing perception. Sensorimotor integration disorder is described as sensory processing disorder and it is manifested in form of: 1. sensory modulation disorder (sensory overresponsivity, sensory underresponsivity, sensory seeking), 2. sensory-based motor disorder (postural disorders and dyspraxia), 3. sensory discrimination disorder. Sensory processing disorder results in disturbances of cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral areas.

The insufficiency of important nutrients are a common problem which occur in a large population of children. The paper presents the latest research on nutrients such as DHA, folic acid, vitamin D, iodine and iron and their influence on growth and the proper functioning of children`s body.

Appropriate supplemental iron intake helps to prevent iron deficiency anaemia in infants with risk factors for low iron stores. It is very important to follow the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with respect to the infants’ diet - especially in exclusively breastfed infants- and to plan the routine check-ups to change the iron’s doses in fast growing infants.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is usually diagnosed during postnatal evaluation of fetal hydronephrosis or diagnostics after urinary tract infection (UTI). Themain cause of VUR is high intravesical pressure. Detrusor-sphincter discoordination or increased tension of the sphincters are the elements of functional obstruction with post voiding residuals which lead to UTI. Crucial for UTI prophylaxis is prevention of constipation, proper fluid intake, micturition ina proper intervals and in a position allowing relaxation of the urogenital diaphragm. Alpha-blockers can be used to increase relaxation of the urethral sphincters. Free micturition lowers intravesical pressure and tones the detrusor. Complete bladder emptying is the best prevention of recurrent UTI. Theuse of antibacterial prophylaxis is not necessary. In case of recurrent UTI, despite proper conservative treatment, pediatrician should refer the patient to pediatric urologist.

Constipation is one of the most commonly reported gastrointestinal problems. It is defined as a bowel movements at intervals greater than 3 days, itis accompanied by a hard bowel movements with a feeling of incomplete evacuation. It may be caused by the organic disease, or more frequently (in 90% of cases), it is a functional problem. The conventional treatment comprises such recommendations as fiber rich diet, proper education of patientand application of laxative drugs. In properly classified cases the biofeedback therapy can be introduced. Selection of patients includes those with constipation caused by pelvic floor dyssynergia or abnormal function of the sphincter confirmed in anorectal manometry. The exercises are designed insuch way that the patient can learn how to control particular muscles which are involved in the process of defecation. According to literature, the therapy is effective in 50-90% of patients. A large spread of effectiveness is probably a consequence of inadequate selection of patients and a lack of guidelines about conducting biofeedback therapy.

Influenza infections in transplant recipients may be associated with severe complications heightening several times the risk of death. Authors present up to date knowledge concerning influenza immunization in liver transplant recipients, especially children, on the basis of the literature review. Recommendations are formulated according to WHO, ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) and AST - (American Society of Transplantation) guidelines.

Developmental anomalies of the first and the second branchial arch reveal diverse manifestations from single-structured mild disorders to syndromicab normalities. Among the last mentioned there is a group of syndromes associated with craniosynostoses. Although the frequency of those diseases isn’t high, the functional and the aesthetic implications are serious. They cause respiratory, neurological, ophthalmological, mastication and psychosocial disorders. In some cases intensification of these impairments may be life threating. The treatment requires early diagnosis and should be introduced within first days after the birth of a child, and be finished with the time of completion of skeletal growth.The purpose of this article is to present the overview of midface hypoplasia, with particular emphasis on the diagnostic process for generally practicing pediatricians.

Proper nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing development and health of children.The objective of this article was to assess dietary patterns of infants and children aged 13-36 months compared to nutritional recommendations. The authors referred to the result of the study conducted in 2010 on a nation-wide, representative sample of children aged 13-36 months. The aim of the project was to evaluate the diet of children aged 13-36 months with reference to their nutritional status. The data on feeding practices in infancy in studied children werealso collected. In infancy only 12,75% of studied children were breastfed exclusively in the first six months of life. The study revealed that dietary patterns of children in the 2nd and 3rd year of life varied significantly in terms of composition and nutritional value. Diets of younger children - in the second year of life- contained significantly more foods for particular nutritional uses, including formula, baby cereal/porridge, fruit purees and juices. Diets of older children - inthe third year of life - were rich in dairy and carbohydrates, the latter coming mainly from juices, fruit, potatoes, vegetables, bread, sugar/sweets. Nutritional recommendations were not fully followed in any of the analysed periods of children’s life. The authors emphasize that it is of utmost importance for nutrition of infant and children to be compliant with recommendations and the developed models of safe nutrition for children must be popularised among parents/ care-givers and health-care professionals.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the dietary habits among children with coeliac disease (CD) in respect of risk of atherosclerosis.Patients and

Methods: The study was performed among 277 patients with CD, recruited from 7 regional clinics: Warszawa, Szczecin, Poznań, Bydgoszcz, Wrocław, Białystok and Katowice. Study group was comprised of 67 children with newly diagnosed CD and 210 children treated with gluten-free diet(GFD) for >5 years. Diet quality was measured with Food Frequency Questionnaire to reflect the compliance with main recommendations for diet reducingrisk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The adherence to the GFD was self-estimated by participants and compared to serological tests results.

Results: The study showed that 81% of patients claimed the strict adherence to the GFD, however 22% of them had positive serological tests. Tested antibodies (tTG and DGP) showed that 25% patients not complied with the GFD. Among all children with positive antibodies only 24% were conscious of gluten consumption. The frequency of intake of fish, vegetables (fresh or cooked) and fruits in daily diet was low in comparison to dietary guidelines, in contrast to the increased consumption of medium-fat meat’s products, sweets and snacks.

Conclusions: The study showed atherogenic profile of the dietary habits of children with coeliac disease because of the low intake of products rich indietary fiber, natural antioxidants and vitamins, and high intake of sweets, meats and saturated fats. These observations suggest that each CD patientneeds regular dietary counseling not only to improve adherence to gluten-free diet but also to prevent CD complications including the risk of CVD.

Vaccination is the best way to prevent infectious diseases. Even though immature immune system of the premature are particularly exposed to this risk,vaccination schedule among preterm infants is significantly delayed.

Aim: The study aims to determine whether the fact of beginning the immunization with the selected vaccines on hospital ward does or does not improvethe timing of further vaccination among preterms.

Material: The study follows infants born ≤32 hbd between 1 Jun 2010 and 31 Jun 2012. Preterms are divided into group A- vaccinated on neonatal ward,and B - not vaccinated on the ward.

Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from hospital’s medical records, the follow-up was conducted through telephone survey.

Results: Vaccination schedule was completed significantly faster in group A. There was a statistically significant difference in the timing of 2nd and 3rddose of HepB and the whole cycle DTaP, Haemophilus inluenzae type b, PCV and polio. There were no significant differences in 1st dose of HepB, BCGand the whole HepB vaccination cycle. There were no significant differences in the timing of vaccination measles/mumps/rubella apart from infants withextremely low body weight. Very low percentage of children in both groups received vaccination on time.

Conclusion: The study proves that among preterms, beginning vaccination during hospitalization significantly speeds up the timing of first three dosesof primary vaccination. Still, there is major room for improving the vaccination schedule - coverage up to 18 months is low, even when the first dose was administered on the neonatal ward.