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Congenital obstruction of duodenum can be partial and total. The cause of the total obstruction is either an outside compression of various origins or a mucosal
wall obstructing the lumen. 21 Trisomy is present in 30% of patients with duodenal atresia. It indicates the genetic etiology of this defect. Congenital
duodenalstenosis and atresia are mostly diagnosed in first days of life. However partial duodenal obstruction can be diagnosed at a later time.
The aim of the study is to present a case of a Down syndrome patient with partial duodenal obstruction diagnosed at the age of 4. He strated to present
syndroms as vomiting in his fourth year of life. The abdominal X-ray revealed foreign body in widen stomach and duodenum. During gastroscopy the couple
foreing bodies were removed, however the patient still presented symptoms of duodenal obstruction. The upper GI contrast study was performer and
it showed vestigial barium passing from the dilated proximal duodenum. On laparotomy the obstructed segment has been bypassed with a Kimura diamond
shaped duodenoduodenostomy.

We present a newborn with perforation of small bowel caused by meconium obstruction. Because of the ascites, there were prenatal intervention taken
on the fetus. 100 ml of yellow fluid was evacueted from the fetus’ abdomen, and 40 ml od brown fluid was evacuated from fetus’ scrotum. After delivery by
the cesarian section, a newborn underwent laparotomy, because of the presence of gas in the abdomen. The laparotomy revealed severe adhesions and
extensive small bowel perforation. Ileostomy was performed. 31 days later, ileostomy was closed. Due to persitent cholestasis, while closing the ileostomy,
cholangiopraphy was performed and a cut of liver was collected for histopathological examination. Histopathological results revealed a giant cel neonatal
hepatitis. Cystic Fibrosis was excluded, heart defect in the form of persistent arterial duct has been confirmed, facial dysmorphia was also present. Patient
was discharged from the hospital in the 68 day of his life in general good condition. Patient was reffered to the The Children’s Memorial Health Institute in
Warsaw where Alagille’s Syndrome was diagnosed.

Testicular necrosis is a rare complication of inguinal hernia incarceration. We are presenting three cases of one newborn and two infants, who
were operated because of the incarcerated inguinal hernia and intraoperatively testicular necrosis was found. USG in two cases didn’t show any
pathological findings, in one case the testicle was hypoechogenic, but the blood flow was proper. All of the patients where qualified to the operation
immediately. Intraoperatively in all cases a testicular necrosis was found, but there was no cord torsion. In each case an orchidectomy
was performed.

An intussusception is one of the best analyzed infancy diseases. Characteristic symptoms and ultrasound investigation mostly show an accurate diagnosis
and fast treatment.
The paper presents the case of an 8-month old boy with a late diagnosed long segmental intestine invagination, which led to extensive necrosis of the intestines
and multiorgan failure.
An 8-month boy was admitted to Pediatric Surgery Ward in a critical condition. Three days earlier the boy was diagnosed with gastoenterocolitis by his GP. The diagnosis was based on vomiting and a trace of blood in the stool. A symptomatic treatment was advised. Despite of the treatment his condition had aggravated.
Basing on the patient’s clinical state, ultrasound examination and blood test results the patient was qualified for the operative treatment. The patient required
four surgeries. During the first operation because of long segmental necrosis of intestine right hemicollectomy as well as ileo-colostomy were performed.
Due to progressing necrosis and perforation of the small intestine, multiple resections and anastomosis had to be performed during the next following
two surgeries. The patient developed multiorgan failure and required intensive treatment in the ICU including respiratorotherapy, hemofiltration,
parenteral nutrition and wide-spectrum antibiotic therapy.
A significant improvement of the boy’s clinical condition, after 35 days of MOF treatment, was achieved. Oral nutrition was implemented gradually. The
fourth and final surgery was planned - the ileo- and colonostomy were closed. Despite longsegmental jejunal resection the patient does not suffer from
short bowel syndrome and gains weight properly.

In the SOR University Children’s Hospital in Krakow for 12 months in 2015, the developed algorithm for dealing with a child after head injury at the age of
3 years was based on the PECARN and PTCHD guidelines from 2014. The algorithm is based on a few basic assumptions, the most important of which is
that the surgeon examining the child is the pediatric surgeon and he decides how to deal with the child after a head injury. If he judges that the child can
go home, the child must be examined twice before the discharge:
- up to an hour from the arrival at SOR and 4 hours after the injury. If the child has an unshielded anterior fontus , the radiologist performs ultrasound examination
of the brain.
The algorithm was used in 2063 children (including 139 infants). None of the children with mechanical head injury discharged home after using the above
procedure did not return to SOR with increasing symptoms associated with head injury.

Objectives: The aim of the study was an analysis and a comparison of intraoperative and sonographic diagnosis of acute scrotum syndrome and comparison
with previously obtained data of ASS diagnostics.
Materials and methods: We analyzed history notes (medical data) of 220 patients operated due to the acute scrotum syndrome at the Department of
Pediatric Surgery and Urology in Katowice in the years 2012-2015. The data concerning duration of symptoms and acute scrotum syndrome as well as
complications were assessed. Analysis between sonographic diagnosis and intraoperative diagnosis was performed. Obtained data was analyzed using
Statistica software.
Results: 220 boys had surgery due to acute scrotum syndrome, in 44 patients a testicular torsion was diagnosed, 134 patients had torsion of appendages,
33 patients had epididymitis or orchitis and 9 patients had torsion of appendages with epididymitis. Duration of symptoms was significantly correlated
with orchidectomy. Sensitivity of scrotal ultrasonography reached the level of 70.45% for testicular torsion, 51.51% for orchitis and epididymitis and
35.07% for appendiceal torsion.
Conclusions: Accurate and fast diagnosis have crucial importance for testicular torsion treatment, because of possibility of presence for serious complications.
Ultrasonography is a helpful procedure, but not decisive, so surgical intervention still remains a treatment of choice.

The idea of mucosal immune system (MALT) having a high degree of independence in relation to the systemic immune system was put forward at the beginning
of the past century. Lymphoid cells associated with the mucous membranes of the tubular organs circulate mainly within the mucosal lymphatic
system, which causes that MALT is excluded from the systemic lymphatic organs. Due to this specific recirculation, the antigenic stimulation one of mucosal
region cause a response, in the form of antibodies, limited only to MALT. The secretive forms of Immunoglobulins A and M play a main role here. The independence of the mucosal immune system allows for a quick response against potential infection and for the limitation of the inflammatory process. This
is particularly important in patients who require regular bladder catheterization.