In obstructive sleep apnea, the respiratory tract is fully obstructed during intermittent lapses in breathing longer than 10 sec associated with
a decrease of blood saturation of minimum 4%, which appear at least 5 times per hour through a 6-hour sleep monitoring process.
Generally, etiological factors that cause snoring and obstructive apnea include anatomical changes in the upper respiratory passages, i.e. external
nose deformation, nasal polyps, hypertrophic turbinates, chronic allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, deformations of the oral cavity and pharynx,
palatine and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, macroglossia, pharyngeal mucosa hypertrophy, limp soft palate, elongated uvula, deformations of the
larynx, vocal fold paralysis and deformations within the neck region.
The principal aim of the diagnostics is to decide whether a patient reveals signs of ordinary snoring or is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome present
and how should it be treated.
This syndrome causes chronic hypoxia and, consequently, can be life-threatening (myocardial ischemia, cerebral stroke, sudden and untimely death,
fatal accidents due to drowsiness or sleepiness).
In patients with sleep disorders, polysomnography is the main diagnostic test. In this test, the patient in monitored all night long through
encephalogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram and also motions of the upper and lower extremities, respiration, saturation and snoring are
evaluated.
Prophylactic procedures are: body mass reduction, lower alcohol intake in the evenings, elimination of hypnotics and sedatives as well as appropriate
body positioning during sleep.
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea can be treated conservatively or surgically.

Folic acid is the most supplemented nutrient in women planning to become pregnant and pregnant women.

Insomnia is one of the common health problems and is characterized by (as defined ICSD-3) difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in maintaining the
continuity of sleep, or awakening too early bedtime, which is chronically nonrestorative and causes deterioration of functioning the next day. The
prevalence of insomnia in the general population is high and, depending on the applied diagnostic criteria applies to 5-20% of adults, is higher
among women, but mainly among the elderly, where there is a strong relationship with somatic diseases. The results of numerous studies support
the participation of mental disorders in the etiology of sleep disorders. The causal treatment of insomnia used cognitive behavioral therapy, and other
psychological techniques. The decision on the pharmacological treatment of insomnia should be careful and take into account all contraindications.
Chronic sleep disorders due to their prevalence, nuisance treatment, the impact on poorer quality of life, poorer social functioning and less proficiency
and excessive use of health care institutions, represent a serious and costly medical and social problem.

The paper refers to the recent systematic review of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation studies in regard of central nervous system function at
different age. Moreover, the review of guidelines and position statements on DHA supplementation in critical life periods was performed – in infancy,
early childhood, breastfeeding and pregnant women. Consistency of major statements was presented. The paper summarized major conclusions for
clinical practice.

Dental and periodontal diseases can be the cause of teeth loss and many various systemic complications leading to the deterioration of general health and
decline in and quality of the life. The main reason of them are oral bacteria forming dental plaque being bacterial biofilm, which gains pathogenicity in case
of specific environmental changes. It has been discussed in the paper the way of the bacterial biofilm formation, its features and factors determining the
pathogenicity of microorganisms living there. It has been presented the basic information concerning of types of dental deposits and rules of oral hygiene.
It has been paid attention on the necessity of cleaning of the hard to reach surfaces – approximal and next to brackets and bands of fixed orthodontic
appliances. It has been discussed accessories serving for their cleaning (dental floss, interdental brushes and oral irrigators) and the technique using of them.
It has been underlined also the importance of dental plaque disclosing to control of oral hygiene, use of measures having antibacterial action and hampering
the formation of dental deposits as well as the necessity of dental prosthesis cleaning.

The global epidemic of obesity is a major public health problem because obesity has important consequences for the health and lives of individuals
and society. The article discusses the risk factors of obesity by periods of human development and health consequences of obesity. Intergenerational
transmission of obesity cycle is presented. Interventions with regard to modifiable risk factors of obesity, which could prevent obesity (primordial,
primary, and secondary prevention of obesity), are discussed.

The paper shows the importance of different aspects of physical activity for health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. The benefits
of regular physical activity, as well as the consequences of hypokinesia and hyperkinesia, were presented. Current recommendations on physical activity
for children, adults, the elderly, and guidance for exercise program preparation are included in the paper. The results of studies about the effects of physical
activity on mental health and the changes in the human brain it causes were shown. In the final part of the paper challenges in the area of physical activity,
which are faced by the public sector and the healthcare providers, are presented.

The media such as the Internet and television are believed to be an effective tool to achieve the objectives of health promotion and health education
aimed at young people. The potential of the media lies in its communication value, almost unlimited scope of operation, the number of young users,
therefore a chance to change harmful habits, take up healthy lifestyle or perform prophylactic tests increases significantly. In Poland, the Internet is
gradually becoming one of the most important media and the number of its users is constantly growing. Two-thirds of Polish residents aged fifteen and
more have access to the Internet and generally surf the Internet for three hours a day on average.
Health related search is increasingly popular. Apart from dominant and expansive role of the Internet, global reports on mass media also constantly point
to TV as still popular source of health information. Its undeniable advantage is its easy availability and scope of operation, which give the possibility of
reaching a broad and heterogeneous group of primarily young audience.
Building public health awareness in the modern world is increasingly done through social marketing and multimedia social campaigns aimed at i.e.
encouraging changes in behaviour related to health by carrying out prophylaxis and health promotion, prevention of pathological behaviour and
promotion of charities.
The paper presents significant influence of the media (the Internet, television) on the health of young people in the modern world. It is an attempt to
demonstrate that social media campaigns can be an important tool to achieve the objectives of prophylaxis and health promotion among young people.