During the COVID-19 pandemic, care for an adequate diet, well adapted to the body’s needs and the current level of physical activity, becomes of particular
importance. Many dietary compounds participate in the functioning of the immune system, while vitamins D, C, A (including beta-carotene), E, B6, B12,
folic acid, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, amino acids, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and intestinal microbiota are crucial in various types of defence
processes. There has been no evidence that consumed food and its compounds, including those with pro-/prebiotic properties, play a significant role in
preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection or alleviating its course. However, in terms of the nutritional value of food and the prevention of dysbiosis, recommending
a varied diet with a high proportion of plant-based foods and an adequate amount of animal-based foods has a sound scientific basis. Malnutrition, underweight
and obesity are considered independent and prognostic risk factors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, which reduce a patient’s chances of survival.
Therefore, ensuring good nutritional status, including healthy body weight, is a reasonable approach in the prevention of viral infection SARS-CoV-2 or alleviating its course. The document is accompanied by two catalogues of practical nutritional recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic, addressed
to the general population and children.

The use of dietary supplements (supplementation) is the individual enrichment of the diet with ingredients naturally occurring in food. As a rule, dietary supplements should be used periodically. In nutritional practice, there are many indications for dietary supplementation, but the decision to take dietary supplements should be made by consumers wisely and only in justified situations, when there is a risk that the usual diet does not provide vitamins and minerals in an amount adequate to meet dietary recommendations. However, we should remember about the real dangers of taking too large doses of vitamins and minerals. Many people using dietary supplements, especially several types at the same time, may experience undesirable side effects and deterioration of health, and in addition, people taking medications may seriously disrupt or weaken the effect of the drug, or even lack the therapeutic effect of the drug. The document presents 10 steps and rules for the use of dietary supplements available on the market, which are addressed to the general population.

The article summarizes Suzuki’s et al. paper from BMJ Open, which reviewed and appraised European guidelines for acute otitis media management in
children.

In March 2021, the long-awaited update on the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines was released. This article summarizes the most important
changes to the guidelines for pediatric and neonatal resuscitation, including modifications of the management of patients with suspected or diagnosed
COVID-19.

In primary care physicians’ daily practice, acute upper respiratory tract infections are one of the leading causes of medical consultations given to patients.
The most common viral upper respiratory tract infections are common colds, which resolve spontaneously within several days. More troublesome and
dangerous for the patients are flu-like diseases, with strongly expressed general symptoms, including high fever, while invasive meningococcal disease, although rare, is a life-threatening condition. Differentiation of etiology is not always easy, considering that the conditions mentioned above may have similar
symptoms in the initial phase. In medical practice, it is essential to diagnose early invasive meningococcal infection, which can lead to the patient’s death
within several hours of the first symptoms. This disease should be suspected, especially in patients in poor general condition, with impaired consciousness,
lower limb pain, photophobia, hemorrhagic rash, or neck stiffness. Late diagnosis and treatment may lead to death or other serious complications, both
neurological and resulting from disseminated thromboembolic lesions of various organs.

Epistaxis in children are common conditions, most of them stop spontaneously with high risk of recurrences. Management depends on reason and existence
or not active bleeding during examination. In most cases local treatment with hemostatic packing or creams is efficient. Few cases require specialized
ENT management and hospitalization.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main symptoms of infection are related to the respiratory system, but patients also
have gastrointestinal symptoms with severe intestinal dysbiosis. Many researchers emphasize that changes in the composition and functional activity of
the gut microbiome affect the course of COVID-19 severity. The paper presents the latest concepts concerning the importance of the intestinal microbiota
in the pathogenesis of viral infections, with particular emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 infection. The process of gut microbiome development in children of
COVID-19 mothers was also described, as well as the influence of nutrition on the modulation of the microbiota composition.

Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare cause of intractable diarrhoea of infancy, caused by congenital disorders of intestinal epithelium. The disruption
of apical proteins trafficking results in intracellular accumulation of vesicles and microvillus atrophy. The main symptom is a chronic severe watery
diarrhea that leads to water-electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis and progressive cachexia. The prognosis for these patients is poor, but a constant improvement of management in MVID, in which the leading role plays TPN (total parental nutrition), causes increasing of patients’ survival.

Thrombotic complications and complex group of microthrombotic disorders are diagnostic challenge, as they then require variable and distinct management.
First step of diagnostic approach must exclude disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is a secondary syndrome, not a separate disseminated
intravascular coagulation. Extremely low platelet count, significantly abnormal plasma coagulation factors and absence of hemolysis are typical signs, in
contrary to thrombotic thrombocytopenic microangiopathies. Next diagnostic step is aimed to exclude thrombotic thrombocytopenic microangiopathy,
with low activity (< 10% of normal) of ADAMTS13 protease. Once TTP is excluded, the diagnostic algorithm should enable detailed differentiation among
complex family of hemolytic-uremic syndromes, including post-infection, genetic, autoimmunologic and combined subtypes. Variable relevant management
protocols are then adjusted to final diagnosis. They may include basic general medical management (antibiotics, plasma infusion and dialysis), plasmapheresis,
administration of recombined ADAMTS13 or caplacizumab (nanoantibody), blocking of complement system with eculizumab or inhibiting production of autoantibodies with classic immunosuppression or rituximab. The variety of protocols supports the importance of preceding complicated
diagnostic approach.

In the article the authors present the newest clinical practice recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of Alport syndrome basing on new reports and
clinical trials, which emerged after 2013.

Progress in genetic technologies allows to distinguish several types of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). Clinical symptoms and course of
disease are similar in PFIC subtypes, where pruritus, jaundice, high levels of bile acids in serum and normal GGTP activity are commonly observed. Current
treatment options are limited and consist of administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), surgical biliary diversion and liver transplantation. Recently
new experimental therapies arę reported.

Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders. It affects approximately 1% of population. Despite its frequent occurrence its origin remains unclear.
The article presents theories of stuttering development as well as fluency-inducing techniques applied in stuttering therapies.

Prosthetic treatment of children and young adults, in case of teeth loss or absence is crucial for the correct development of the stomatognathic system as
well as the organism as a whole. Because of dynamic development in this period, therapy requires adjustment to changing conditions of osseus base and
generally is interdisciplinary treatment. The study describes recommendations for prosthetics treatment in young patients and its general principles depending
on the age group and type of teeth loss.

Despite the lack of scientific evidence, prophylactic elimination diet and the use of own milk for non-nutritional purposes are common practices among
Polish mothers.
Aim: The aim of the study was to present the experiences and knowledge of Polish mothers and medical staff in the field of lactation and its selected aspects,
based on the authors’ own research.
Material and methods: In the years 2018-2019, 2 cross-sectional studies using electronic questionnaires were carried out on: 1) the use of human milk for
non-nutritional purposes by Polish women, 2) the diet of a breastfeeding mother and knowledge about nutrition during lactation. The first study involved
1,187 lactating mothers. 1,159 people took part in the second study, including Polish mothers and medical staff. The statistical analysis of the collected data
was performed using non-parametric methods and logistic regression.
Results: The knowledge of medical personnel was comparable to that of the patients (p > 0.05). Regardless of the type of occupation, the respondents
showed little knowledge of the impact of diet on the macronutrients of breast milk. Lactation knowledge and experience significantly determine the duration
of breastfeeding (p < 0.05). The main source of knowledge of mothers about the properties of breast milk is social media.
Conclusions: The conducted research indicates a continuous need for education, both of the society and medical personnel, especially in the field of nutritional
counseling and knowledge about the properties of breast milk.
It is necessary to improve and update the curricula of medical staff caring for pregnant and lactating women and their children in order to build and
strengthen the authority of medical staff as a source of current medical knowledge about lactation and breast milk.

The study presents a case of agenesis of corpus callosum observed during postnatal ultrasonographic examination performed in relation to intrauterine infection.
Prenatal examination did not reveal any structural disorders of central nervous system in the fetus. The infant was born in overall good condition.
Treatment of the infection proceeded without complications. The child was transferred to a higher-level hospital for further diagnostics.